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How to Spend $12 Trillion

Although some government pandemic-support programs have combined ambitious design with effective delivery, many fall short in one or both areas. Those that designed programs optimally and delivered them quickly have financial infrastructure that includes three key features.

SAN FRANCISCO/MUMBAI – Even before the passage of the latest stimulus bill in the United States, governments around the world have offered almost $12 trillion in financial aid to businesses and households affected by COVID-19, equivalent to 12% of global GDP. But how well have they delivered that unprecedented amount of assistance to the intended recipients? And what lessons do these efforts hold for the future?

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