Iran’s Majles (parliament) is a second-tier player in the country's power structure, subordinate to the will and whim of the unelected Guardian Council. Even so, the Majles can play an important role in framing national debates, and the upcoming election will be a crucial test of strength between President Mahmoud Ahmedinejad's hard-line allies and more pragmatic conservatives.
TEHRAN – Does Iran’s upcoming Parliamentary election on March 14 deserve to be taken seriously? Or is it simply a sham vote for an emasculated institution?
Paradoxically, Iranian elections are abnormal by both democratic and autocratic standards. While they are neither free nor fair, there are real differences among candidates, and the outcomes are often unpredictable. In contrast to rigged elections in which the victors are pre-determined, Iran’s system allows competitive elections among pre-selected candidates. Hardly anyone predicted the reformist Mohammed Khatami’s resounding presidential victory in 1997, and even fewer foresaw hard-line President Mahmoud Ahmedinejad’s victory in 2005.
For those who view Iran’s democratic glass as being half full, the March 14 Majles elections will mark the 28th national election since the founding of the Islamic Republic in 1979, further entrenching a political culture unique in the Middle East. As Iran scholar Mohsen Milani puts it, “With all its serious flaws, it is through this process that changes in Iranian policy and behavior can be expected.”
But there are valid reasons to view Iran’s democratic glass as being half empty. Candidates deemed insufficiently pious or lacking loyalty to the country’s theocratic constitution cannot run. This year, hundreds of reformist candidates were disqualified. Even a grandson of Ayatollah Khomeini decided against running after he was initially disqualified and his religious values and political loyalties were called into question.
What’s more, the 290-seat Majles is a second-tier player in Iran’s power structure. On the surface, it looks like any other parliament. Its members draft legislation, ratify international treaties, and sign off on the nation’s annual budget. In theory, they even have the authority to remove cabinet ministers and impeach the president for misconduct.
In practice, however, all of the Majles’s decisions are subject to the approval of the Guardian Council, an unelected body of twelve jurists (all of whom are either directly or indirectly appointed by Supreme Leader Ayatollah Khamenei) that has the constitutional authority to vet all electoral candidates and veto any parliamentary legislation. Ironically, in 2003 the reformist parliament passed legislation aimed at limiting the power of the Guardian Council, which predictably rejected it.
Nonetheless, in a political system in which decisions are made by consensus, the Majles can play an important role in framing national debates. The reformist-dominated Majles that served from 2000-2004 comprised allies of Khatami who sought to expand the realm of acceptable political discourse, champion democracy and human rights, and advocate a more conciliatory approach to foreign policy.
TEHRAN – Does Iran’s upcoming Parliamentary election on March 14 deserve to be taken seriously? Or is it simply a sham vote for an emasculated institution?
Paradoxically, Iranian elections are abnormal by both democratic and autocratic standards. While they are neither free nor fair, there are real differences among candidates, and the outcomes are often unpredictable. In contrast to rigged elections in which the victors are pre-determined, Iran’s system allows competitive elections among pre-selected candidates. Hardly anyone predicted the reformist Mohammed Khatami’s resounding presidential victory in 1997, and even fewer foresaw hard-line President Mahmoud Ahmedinejad’s victory in 2005.
For those who view Iran’s democratic glass as being half full, the March 14 Majles elections will mark the 28th national election since the founding of the Islamic Republic in 1979, further entrenching a political culture unique in the Middle East. As Iran scholar Mohsen Milani puts it, “With all its serious flaws, it is through this process that changes in Iranian policy and behavior can be expected.”
But there are valid reasons to view Iran’s democratic glass as being half empty. Candidates deemed insufficiently pious or lacking loyalty to the country’s theocratic constitution cannot run. This year, hundreds of reformist candidates were disqualified. Even a grandson of Ayatollah Khomeini decided against running after he was initially disqualified and his religious values and political loyalties were called into question.
What’s more, the 290-seat Majles is a second-tier player in Iran’s power structure. On the surface, it looks like any other parliament. Its members draft legislation, ratify international treaties, and sign off on the nation’s annual budget. In theory, they even have the authority to remove cabinet ministers and impeach the president for misconduct.
In practice, however, all of the Majles’s decisions are subject to the approval of the Guardian Council, an unelected body of twelve jurists (all of whom are either directly or indirectly appointed by Supreme Leader Ayatollah Khamenei) that has the constitutional authority to vet all electoral candidates and veto any parliamentary legislation. Ironically, in 2003 the reformist parliament passed legislation aimed at limiting the power of the Guardian Council, which predictably rejected it.
Nonetheless, in a political system in which decisions are made by consensus, the Majles can play an important role in framing national debates. The reformist-dominated Majles that served from 2000-2004 comprised allies of Khatami who sought to expand the realm of acceptable political discourse, champion democracy and human rights, and advocate a more conciliatory approach to foreign policy.